Yes, Greece allows dual (or multiple) citizenship. Greek nationality law is based on the principle of jus sanguinis (right of blood), meaning that citizenship is primarily acquired through descent rather than place of birth. This makes it relatively straightforward for individuals with Greek ancestry to claim Greek citizenship, even if they already hold another nationality.
Dual citizenship is permitted under Greek law, and Greece does not require you to renounce your original citizenship when acquiring Greek nationality. This flexibility has made Greece an attractive destination for people seeking to expand their global mobility, cultural identity, or personal connections.
1. How to Acquire Greek Citizenship
There are several ways to become a Greek citizen, depending on your circumstances:
A. By Descent (Jus Sanguinis)
Greek citizenship is passed down through generations regardless of where you were born. If either of your parents or grandparents was a Greek citizen, you may be eligible to claim citizenship. Key points include:
- Parental Citizenship : If one or both of your parents are Greek citizens, you automatically qualify for Greek citizenship.
- Grandparent Citizenship : If your parent was born before your grandparent lost Greek citizenship (e.g., through naturalization in another country), you may still be eligible.
- Documentation Required : You’ll need to provide birth certificates, marriage certificates, and other relevant documents proving your lineage. These documents often need to be translated into Greek and apostilled or legalized.
B. By Naturalization
Non-Greeks can apply for citizenship through naturalization after meeting specific residency requirements:
- Residency Requirement : You must legally reside in Greece for at least 7 years continuously before applying.
- Language Proficiency : You must demonstrate basic knowledge of the Greek language.
- Civic Knowledge : Applicants must pass a test on Greek history, culture, and government.
- Good Character : You must have a clean criminal record and show integration into Greek society.
C. By Marriage
While marrying a Greek citizen doesn’t automatically grant you citizenship, it can expedite the naturalization process:
- After 3 years of marriage and continuous residency in Greece, you can apply for citizenship.
- The same language and civic knowledge requirements apply.
D. For Refugees or Stateless Persons
Greece offers pathways to citizenship for refugees and stateless individuals who meet certain criteria, such as prolonged residency and integration.
E. Special Cases: Restitution of Citizenship
Individuals who lost Greek citizenship due to historical events (e.g., forced migration during wars) or discriminatory laws may be able to reclaim it. For example:
- Descendants of ethnic Greeks expelled from Turkey during the population exchange of 1923 may qualify.
- Jews of Greek origin who fled during World War II can also restore their citizenship.
2. Benefits of Greek Dual Citizenship
Holding Greek citizenship alongside another nationality comes with numerous advantages:
A. European Union (EU) Rights
As a Greek citizen, you gain access to all the benefits of EU membership, including:
- The right to live, work, study, and retire in any EU country without restrictions.
- Access to free or subsidized healthcare and education across the EU.
- The ability to vote and stand for election in European Parliament elections.
B. Visa-Free Travel
Greek passports are among the most powerful in the world, offering visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to over 180 countries , including the United States, Canada, Australia, and many others.
C. Cultural Connection
For those with Greek heritage, obtaining citizenship provides a deeper connection to their roots, enabling participation in family traditions, religious festivals, and community life.
D. Property Ownership
Greek citizens face fewer restrictions when purchasing property in Greece compared to non-citizens, particularly regarding rural land ownership.
E. Tax Benefits
While Greece taxes its residents on worldwide income, non-resident Greek citizens may benefit from favorable tax regimes, such as exemptions for pensions earned abroad.
3. Challenges of Obtaining Greek Citizenship
While the process of acquiring Greek citizenship is relatively straightforward for those with ancestry, there are some challenges to consider:
A. Documentation Requirements
Proving your lineage can be time-consuming and complex, especially if records are incomplete or stored in different countries. Documents often need to be:
- Translated into Greek by a certified translator.
- Apostilled (if from a Hague Convention country) or legalized (if not).
B. Processing Times
The application process can take months—or even years—depending on the complexity of your case and the workload of Greek authorities.
C. Language Barrier
If you’re applying through naturalization, passing the Greek language and civics tests may pose a challenge for non-native speakers.
D. Costs
While the cost of applying for citizenship itself is relatively low, expenses can add up due to document translation, legal fees, and travel costs for appointments.
4. Maintaining Dual Citizenship
Once you obtain Greek citizenship, you do not need to give up your original nationality unless your home country prohibits dual citizenship. However, it’s important to check the laws of your current citizenship, as some countries (e.g., Japan, China, India) do not recognize dual nationality.
Key Responsibilities as a Greek Citizen
- Renewing your Greek passport every 5 years .
- Staying informed about changes in Greek law that might affect your rights and obligations.
- Paying taxes on income earned in Greece, though this typically doesn’t impact taxes owed in your other country of citizenship.
5. Frequently Asked Questions About Greek Dual Citizenship
Q: Can I pass Greek citizenship to my children?
A: Yes, Greek citizenship is hereditary. Once you acquire it, you can pass it down to future generations.
Q: Do I need to live in Greece to maintain my citizenship?
A: No, there is no requirement to reside in Greece to retain your citizenship. However, maintaining ties (e.g., visiting occasionally, renewing your passport) is advisable.
Q: Will my Greek citizenship affect my military service obligations?
A: Male Greek citizens aged 18–45 may be required to serve in the military, though exemptions exist for dual citizens living abroad. It’s best to consult with Greek consular services for clarification.
Q: Can I lose my Greek citizenship?
A: Greek citizenship is rarely revoked. Exceptions include voluntary renunciation or acts deemed treasonous against the state.
