Greek citizens enjoy a wide range of legal rights and are subject to specific obligations under the framework of Greek law, which is deeply rooted in democratic principles, human rights, and the rule of law. These rights and obligations are enshrined in the Greek Constitution , international treaties, and national legislation. Below is an overview of the key legal rights and obligations that apply to Greek citizens.
1. Fundamental Rights of Greek Citizens
The Greek Constitution guarantees several fundamental rights to its citizens, many of which align with broader European Union (EU) standards and international human rights conventions.
a. Civil and Political Rights
- Right to Life and Personal Liberty: Every individual has the right to life, dignity, and personal freedom. Arbitrary detention or harm is prohibited.
- Freedom of Expression: Citizens have the right to express their opinions freely, provided it does not violate laws against hate speech, defamation, or incitement to violence.
- Freedom of Religion: Greece recognizes Eastern Orthodoxy as the prevailing religion, but all citizens have the right to practice any religion or no religion at all.
- Freedom of Assembly and Association: Citizens can peacefully assemble and form associations, unions, or political parties without prior permission.
- Right to Privacy: The privacy of correspondence, communications, and personal data is protected by law.
- Right to Vote and Participate in Elections: All Greek citizens aged 17 and above have the right to vote in national, regional, and municipal elections.
b. Social and Economic Rights
- Right to Education: Education is free and compulsory for children up to the age of 15. Higher education is also accessible through public universities.
- Right to Work: Every citizen has the right to work under fair conditions, including safe working environments, reasonable wages, and protection from discrimination.
- Right to Healthcare: Greek citizens are entitled to access public healthcare services through the National Health System (ESY).
- Right to Social Security: Workers are entitled to pensions, unemployment benefits, and other forms of social assistance.
c. Equality Before the Law
- Non-Discrimination: The Constitution prohibits discrimination based on gender, race, language, religion, political beliefs, or social status.
- Gender Equality: Women and men have equal rights in all aspects of life, including employment, family law, and political participation.
d. Judicial Protections
- Right to a Fair Trial: Everyone is entitled to a fair and impartial trial within a reasonable time frame.
- Presumption of Innocence: Individuals accused of crimes are presumed innocent until proven guilty.
- Right to Legal Counsel: Defendants have the right to legal representation during criminal proceedings.
2. Obligations of Greek Citizens
In addition to enjoying these rights, Greek citizens are required to fulfill certain duties and responsibilities to contribute to the functioning of society and the state.
a. Taxation
- Income Tax: Citizens must declare their income annually and pay taxes according to the progressive tax system.
- Property Taxes: Owners of real estate are obligated to pay property taxes (ENFIA).
- Value Added Tax (VAT): Businesses and self-employed individuals must collect and remit VAT to the government.
b. Military Service
- Compulsory Military Service: Male Greek citizens between the ages of 19 and 45 are required to serve in the armed forces for a specified period (typically 9–12 months). Exemptions may apply for health reasons or dual nationals.
- Alternative Service: Conscientious objectors can opt for non-military service in areas such as healthcare or education.
c. Civic Responsibilities
- Participation in Democracy: While voting is not mandatory, active participation in elections is encouraged as a civic duty.
- Respect for Laws: Citizens are expected to abide by national laws, regulations, and court decisions.
- Environmental Protection: There is a growing emphasis on sustainable practices, and citizens are encouraged to minimize waste, conserve resources, and protect natural habitats.
d. Family and Community Obligations
- Parental Responsibility: Parents are legally obligated to care for their children, provide them with an education, and ensure their well-being.
- Support for Vulnerable Groups: Citizens are encouraged to assist elderly relatives, disabled family members, and others in need, either directly or through contributions to welfare programs.
3. Rights Specific to EU Membership
As a member of the European Union, Greek citizens benefit from additional rights granted by EU law, including:
- Freedom of Movement: Greek citizens can live, work, study, or retire in any EU country without requiring special permits.
- Access to EU Services: They can access healthcare, education, and other public services in other EU member states.
- Consumer Rights: Enhanced protections for consumers when purchasing goods or services across the EU.
- Political Participation: Greek citizens residing in another EU country can vote and stand as candidates in local and European Parliament elections.
4. Protections Under International Treaties
Greece is a signatory to numerous international agreements that reinforce the rights of its citizens, including:
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR): Provides a global standard for human rights.
- European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR): Offers additional safeguards for civil liberties.
- International Labour Organization (ILO) Conventions: Protects workers’ rights and promotes decent working conditions.
5. Challenges and Limitations
While Greek citizens enjoy robust legal protections, there are challenges that sometimes hinder the full realization of these rights:
- Bureaucracy: Complex administrative processes can delay access to services like healthcare or social security.
- Economic Inequality: Despite constitutional guarantees, socioeconomic disparities persist, affecting access to quality education, healthcare, and housing.
- Corruption: Efforts to combat corruption remain ongoing, as it can undermine trust in institutions and limit citizens’ ability to exercise their rights effectively.
6. How to Exercise Your Rights
To fully exercise your legal rights as a Greek citizen, consider the following steps:
- Stay Informed: Familiarize yourself with the Greek Constitution, relevant laws, and your entitlements.
- Seek Legal Advice: Consult lawyers or advocacy organizations if you believe your rights have been violated.
- Engage in Civic Activities: Join community groups, participate in protests (peacefully), or volunteer for causes that matter to you.
- Report Violations: Use official channels, such as ombudsman offices or courts, to report abuses of your rights.
